ROADSIDES AND OTHER EXPOSED AND “DISTURBED” AREAS

General Overview

Particular species colonize roadsides and other places where the soils are newly or frequently disturbed, and where there is a lot of exposure to sun. These types of plants are sometimes called weeds; or more sympathetically, pioneer species. They can play an important role in stabilizing soils, adding nutrients, and creating conditions that may be more favourable for other species to begin growing. Many species that grow in disturbed areas in Vilcabamba are herbaceous (that is, non-woody). Some tree species, including species of willow and alder, also pioneer quickly on disturbed soil. However, these tend to be more common in floodplains.

A Few of the Species Often Found in Disturbed Areas

Lamiaceae family, Leonotys species
This plant was brought into the valley only within the last ten years. It is a good example of an invasive exotic, an introduced plant that is so successful that it begins to take over to the disadvantage of existing species. (This process can affect not only the plants that are displaced, but also the insects, birds and animals that depend on these plants.) In its favour, this is a pretty plant, and its nectar attracts the beautiful Amazalia hummingbird.

Lantana, supirosa (Verbenaceae family, Lantana camara)
This is another attractive but invasive introduced plant. It has multicoloured flowers (yellowish, orange and pink), and clusters of berries that turn from green to purple at maturity. It probably originated in the West Indies, but is now grown widely in warm climates. The plant, and especially the berry, is toxic to people and livestock. The leaf causes an itching reaction in some people. On a positive note, it is a favourite nectar source for Heliconia and Pieridae (sulfur) butterflies.

Castor bean, higuerilla (Euphorbiaceae family, Ricinus communis)
This distinctive, palmate-leaved plant is an adaptable pioneer, growing in almost any type of well-drained soil, and dying back in dry weather. It originated in Africa, but now grows widely in tropical America, including all regions of Ecuador. (It is also sometimes grown in the summer months as a decorative plant in more northerly climates.) All parts of the plant are poisonous, but especially the seed coat, which can be deadly. However, the castor oil that comes from the seeds has medicinal uses, and is used in the production of soaps, lubricants, margarine and paints, and in curing leather. Large yellow butterflies, in the Pieridae family, are frequently seen in the vicinity of the castor bean plant. This is because the plant often grows in muddy areas, and butterflies are attracted to mud for its minerals.

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